高中的定语从句who where whose whom onwhich which when inwhich that 分别在什么情况下用? 怎么用法

高中的定语从句who where whose whom onwhich which when inwhich that 分别在什么情况下用? 怎么用法
高中的定语从句
who where whose whom onwhich which when inwhich that 分别在什么情况下用?
怎么用法

高中的定语从句who where whose whom onwhich which when inwhich that 分别在什么情况下用? 怎么用法
一．在定语从句中关系词用法的差异
1．关系代词“that” 与 “which” 的区别
在限定性定语从句中,我们知道关系词指代人时,常用who、whom 、whose (或that),指代物时常用which 或that .例如：
例1．Where is the girl who / that sells the tickets? （卖票的女孩子在哪?）
例2．I’ve lost bananas which / that I bought this morning. (我把今天早上买的香蕉丢了.）
在上述两个例子中 who 和 which都可以由 that 替代.但是当先行词是 all、little、few 或是由every(thing)、any(thing)、no(thing)、none、much、only 修饰时,关系词要用 that不能用 which .例如：
例3．Is this all that is left? （是不是就剩下这一个了?）
例4．Have you got anything that belongs to me? （你那有我什么东西吗?）
例5．The only thing that matters is to find our way home .（只有一件事最重要,那就是找到回家的路.）
除上述情况外,当先行词由序数词或最高级修饰时,关系词必须用 that（见例6和例7）.
例6．The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan . (我们应该做的第一件事是定个计划 / 我们应该首先定个计划.)
例7．This is the best film (that) I’ve ever seen . （这是我看过的最好的影片.）此句中的that 在从句中做宾语,可以省略.
2．关系副词与关系代词的区别
在定语从句中,当先行词是人或物时,从句的引导词用关系代词；而当先行词是表示时间和地点时,常用关系副词引导.但有时常遇到先行词是表示时间或地点的名词,关系词却要用关系代词.请看例句：
例1． This is the place where we worked last year.（这是我去年工作过的地方.）
例2． This is the place which / that we visited last year.（这是我去年参观过的地方.）
上述两个句子的主句相同,先行词都是place ,但是它在两个从句中的功用不同.例1中的place 指的是从句中谓语动词发生动作的地点（… worked in the place）,因此,关系词要用关系副词where (= in which).而例2中的place是从句谓语动词的宾语(…visited the place),关系词指代的是动作的承受对象,所以要用关系代词which或that ,不能用关系副词where .
例3．I still remember the day when Nanjing was liberated.（我一直记着南京解放的那一天.）
例4．I still remember the day which / that we spend together.（我一直记着我们共同度过的时光.）
例3中 的 day 在从句中做状语 (表示 …on the day) ,所以用 when . 例4 中的day 是从句中spend 的宾语 (…spend the day) ,所以要用which 或that .
由此,我们可以看出：当先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时,用关系代词还是用关系副词引导定语从句,要根据先行词在句子中的功用.当先行词在从句中表示的是时间或地点（在从句中做状语）时,要用关系副词；当先行词在从句中做宾语（表示动作的承受者,有时先行词在从句中做主语）时,就要用关系代词.
3．在非限定性定语从句中指物时只能用which
that 只能在限定性定语从句中指代人或物,而在非限定性定语从句中指代物时不能用 that ,只能用 which .
例1．He showed me a photo that / which upset me . （他给我看了一张令我心烦意乱的照片）
例2．He tore up my photo, which upset me . （他撕了我的照片,这件事令我很不高兴.）
例1中的关系词指的是photo ,从句所修饰的是一个名词,是限定性定语从句,关系词可以用that ,也可以用which .例2中的从句与主句之间有“,”隔开,从句去掉后意思表达清楚,从句只起补充说明的作用,是一个非限定性定语从句.在这种情况下只能用which ,不能用that .试比较：
例3．Where is the money that / which I lent you? （我借给你的钱哪儿去了?）
例4．He lent me the money, which was exactly the amount I needed to solve my problem.(他
借给了我一笔钱,这笔钱正好解决了我的问题.)
例3 是限定性定语从句,关系词用that 和which 都可以.例4 是非限定性定语从句,从句只起补充说明的作用,关系代词只能用which .
二．表示物的所属关系时关系词用whose
我们知道,whose 是表示所属关系的词.在表示人的所属关系时,常用whose .在定语从句中,不论是表示人的还是表示物的所属关系时,关系代词都要用whose .例如：
例1．What is the name of the boy whose father is a doctor?（他父亲是医生的那个男孩儿叫什么名字?）
例2．Tom lives in the room whose window opens to the south..（汤姆住在窗朝南开的房间里.）
显然,例1中whose 是指代人 (the boy’s father) ；例2中whose 所指代的是物 (the room’s window ).例2是“黑龙江省中等专业学校外语学业等级考试样题”中的一道题.原题是：
“Tom lives in the room ________ window opens to the south.. ”
供选择的答案有：a. what b. it’s c. whose d. which
正确答案应该是c .但是,在做这道题时,多数学生都选错了答案,原因之一是只考虑到room 是物,忽略了从句中表示所属关系时要用“whose”,而且“it’s” 不能做引导词.因此,必须注意：在定语从句中,当关系词在从句中表示所属关系时,其先行词不论是人还是物,关系词都要“whose”,“it’s”不能做定语从句中的引导词.
三．“that” 与 “what” 的区别
“that” 可以做定语从句中的关系代词,“what” 也常做名词性从句中的引导词,学生在使用它们时常分辨不清.因此,在教学中应注意区别它们的用法.
我们知道,关系代词 that 指代的是它前面的先行词,而 what = the things that . 所以,what 与that 不同,what 有两层含义：其一作为关联词引出从句,其二为先行词本身的含义.如果主句中已经出现了先行词,关系/关联词就要用that ；如果主句中没有先行词出现,关系/关联词就要用what .例如：
例1．I give her just the money that she need.（她需要多少钱,我就给她多少钱.）
例2．I give her just what he need. （她需要多少钱,我就给她多少钱.）
例1中的that 引出的是定语从句,先行词是money , that 为关系代词,主句中出现了先行词,所以用that .例2 中的what 引出的从句是give 的宾语,主句中没有出现先行词,what 既引导了从句,又含有先行词的含义.
例3．I will tell you all that I know.
例4．I will tell you what I know.
例3中出现了先行词all ,所以从句中的引导词用that ；例4中没有先行词,从句中的引导词用what .两个句子意思相同：“我会告诉你我所知道的一切.”
例3． The thing that I’d like is a digital watch .
例4． What I’d like is a digital watch.
例5中有先行词the thing ,所以关联词用连词that .而例6中没有出现先行词,所以关联词用疑问代词what .两个句子意思相同：“我想要的东西是一块数字表.”
另外,在定语从句中,关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物,在一般情况下,可以互换使用,但在下列情况下值得注意：
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时,只能用who (whom).如：
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐,她在国外学习,就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物.
(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时,只能用who (whom).如：
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗?
(3) 当先行词为people和those时,只能用who (whom).如：
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边.
(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时,只能用who (whom).如：
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人.
(5) 先行词指人,而关系代词在从句中作主语时,一般多用who.如：
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来.
(6) 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom).如：
There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过.
(7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时,若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么,另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who.如：
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟.
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,引导词只能用that.如：
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东.
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容词修饰时,引导词只能用that.如：
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生
(3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时,引导词只能用that.如：
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁?
(4) the same as 与 the same that
the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物,即：同一事物.如：
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣.(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣.(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)
还有,定语从句中假如关系代词指代人,并跟介词搭配,只能用whom而不能用who
He had a lot of friends,none of whom could lend him any money.

参考资料里有个网址链接 你进去看看吧 是关于定语从句的讲解课件

1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the pers...

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1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.

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