奥地利英文介绍要有 1.Exports:Wine & more2.The Austrian's奥地利一些文化,传统风俗,食物,衣服,商业,音乐,电影,运动,

奥地利英文介绍要有 1.Exports:Wine & more2.The Austrian's奥地利一些文化,传统风俗,食物,衣服,商业,音乐,电影,运动,
奥地利英文介绍
要有 1.Exports:Wine & more
2.The Austrian's
奥地利一些文化,传统风俗,食物,衣服,商业,音乐,电影,运动,

奥地利英文介绍要有 1.Exports:Wine & more2.The Austrian's奥地利一些文化,传统风俗,食物,衣服,商业,音乐,电影,运动,
Austria is a country of startling contrasts,from the Austrian Alps in the west to the Danube Basin in the east.It is not only famous as one of the world’s premier skiing regions,but also for its historical buildings,world-class museums and galleries,breathtaking scenery,magnificent mountains and established hiking trails.Visitors in search of culture and visitors in search of scenery are spoilt alike.In addition to natural wealth,the country contains numerous and glorious architectural riches,including frequent reminders of the once-powerful Hapsburgs,who dominated central Europe for seven centuries.It must be said that Austria bears the hallmarks of past Emperorship beautifully:the capital,Vienna,is magnificent with its ornate Opera House and the former imperial residence of the Hofburg; Austria’s other cities are similarly infused with a historical magic,notably Salzburg,the birthplace of Mozart,with stunning Baroque churches set before a backdrop of snow-covered peaks; and Innsbruck,in the center of the Austrian Alps.
Many places in Austria are themselves worthy of artistic acclaim,so it is little wonder that Austria has produced and inspired a catalog of cultural figures.During the 17th and 18th centuries,Austria – and,in particular,Vienna – became one of the major centers of the cultural renaissance associated with the terms Baroque and The Enlightenment; the musical achievements of this period are particularly notable and their note in cultural history still resounds.Remnants of Mozart’s legacy are everywhere.However,Austria has also yielded people such as artists Klimt and Schiele,composers Mahler and Schubert,writers Rilke and Schnitzler,psychologists Freud and Rank,and philosophers such as Husserl and Wittgenstein.
Nevertheless,Austria strives to cultivate its legacy of the future.The country is a hothouse of striking contemporary architecture,at the forefront of engineering,invention and design,and with a modern,efficient social system.Austria still has a justifiable reputation for music,literature and the arts,with Elfriede Jelinek recently winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004.You are just as likely to find Alpine New Wave punk-rock as you are to find yodelling.In terms of gourmet culture,the legendary Gemütlichkeit – a relaxed enjoyment of life – is evident in the cafes where the art of coffee-drinking has been raised to a high art,and the many Heurigen,where the latest vintages are accompanied by vast quantities of food.Nightlife is versatile,offering laid-back taverns,beer gardens and excellent après-ski,as well as trendy clubs and dance venues packed to the small hours.
At the Vienna New Year Concert "Golden Hall" has caused the number of music lovers around the world admired,It is also "Golden Hall" gave birth to the Voice of the Vienna Philharmonic.Completed in 1870,the formal name should be called Music Association Hall by the Architectural Design Master Music Hansen.Hall,there were 1,654 seats and about 300 stations.Since the completion of the hall that day onwards,the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in here,"pitched a tent." Golden Hall" with the Vienna Philharmonic Voice of the other,"the world's first Orchestra" and the "World Principal Hall" television.
After listening to the concert,you may feel an upsurge of emotion,then walk around it along the Danube.On both sides of the river the shade and dense jungles,moonlight through irradiation down trees,kicking deciduous,quiet leisurely,the most appropriate way,How do most appropriate.John Strauss's "The Blue Danube Waltz" and "Vienna Woods story," "Vienna temperament" Perhaps this is created out of.If it is in the daytime,a deep interest in it,then we can paddle boat,slowly ripple on the river to see both sides of the River vineyard,appreciate it a rich purple.At this point,you may vaguely heard "South Rose," "soft liquor,women and song" music,the works of Strauss,Vienna itself is a love for the annals.

Austrians
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Austrians
Österreicher

Mozart • Maria Theresa • Joseph Haydn • Marie Anto...

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Austrians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Austrians
Österreicher

Mozart • Maria Theresa • Joseph Haydn • Marie Antoinette
Erwin Schrödinger • Arnold Schwarzenegger
Total population
Over 9 million people.[1][2][3]

Regions with significant populations
Austria: ~8,000.000
Italy (Province of Bolzano-Bozen): 300.000[4]
Germany (Southern Germany): 230.000
Switzerland: 40.000
United States: 30.335
South Africa: 20.204
Australia: 15.000
Brazil: 11.000
Argentina: 11.000
Canada: 8.000
Hungary (Sopron ger.: Ödenburg): ?

Languages
German (Austrian German varieties)-absolute majority some autochtone minorities members also:Slovene, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian
Religion
Roman Catholic ca. 75 %, Protestant ca. 5 %, other or no religion (ca. 20 %)
Related ethnic groups
Germanic people, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Slovenes and Croatians[6]
Austrians (German: Österreicher) are a nation and an ethnic grouporiginating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states (March of Austria, Archduchy of Austria, Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary) who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian descent. Due to their common history and belonging to the Holy Roman Empire until 1806, German-speaking Austrians were historically regarded as Germans, but after the founding of a German national state, the German Empire in 1871, and after the events of World War II and Nazism, this has fallen out of fashion and is often considered offensive.
Austrians have also been defined by their national citizenship, which had, in the course of Austrian history, varying relations to the above, for example referring to a native German-speaker of the one-time Habsburg empire, or in a wider sense to any citizen of any of the various lands of that empire that did not form the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary. In the latter sense, the definition included many ethnic minorities and speakers of up to twelve different languages.
History
Main article: History of Austria
[edit] Ancient times
Main articles: Hallstatt culture, Noricum, and March of Austria
During the Migration Period, the Slavic tribe of the Carantanians migrated into the Alps in the wake of the expansion of their Avar overlords during the 7th century, mixed with the Celto-Romanic population, and established the realm of Carantania, which covered much of eastern and central Austrian territory. In the meantime, the Germanic tribe of the Bavarians had developed in the 5th and 6th century in the west of the country and in Bavaria, while what is today Vorarlberg had been settled by the Alemans. Those groups mixed with the Rhaeto-Romanic population and pushed it up into the mountains.
[edit] Medieval times
Over time the Bavarii and Alamanni were conquered by another Germanic people, the Franks, and were incorporated in their empire. The Frankish Empire eventually evolved into the Holy Roman Empire, a vast multi ethnical Empire mostly located in Central Europe. Eventually Vienna, Austria's capital, grew to become the secret capital of the Holy Roman Empire and a cultural centre for arts and science, music and fine cuisine.
In 1278 the territory, by then corresponding roughly to what are now Upper and Lower Austria, passed to the House of Habsburg, with whose history it became closely associated until the early 20th century. Within a century the Habsburgs had added Carinthia, Styria, Carniola, and Tyrol to their rule, thus effectively controlling most of the territory of the modern Republic of Austria. Being ruled from the Duchy of Austria, the name of the duchy came to be informally applied to all these territories collectively, and hence their inhabitants also became known as Austrians.
The Habsburgs greatly increased their political prestige and power with the acquisition of the lands of the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526. Hungary was more successful at retaining its cultural identity than Bohemia, which underwent a period of intense German colonisation, coupled with Germanization. However, the longer history under rule from Vienna, and some common German-speaking identity in lands such as Carinthia, Styria, or Tyrol, created a sense of Austrian identity.
[edit] Early Modern Times
Although not formally a united state, the lands ruled by the Habsburgs would sometimes be known, at least to outsiders, by the name Austria. In reality they remained a disparate range of semi-autonomous states, most of which were part of the complex network of states that was the Holy Roman Empire (the imperial institutions of which were themselves controlled for much of their later existence by the Habsburgs). However, the second half of the 18th century saw an increasingly centralised state begin to develop under the regency of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II. After the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon, the emperor Franz II formally founded the Austrian Empire in 1804 and became as Franz I the first Austrian emperor. For the first time the citizens of the various territories were now citizens of the one same state, while the other German-speaking states still cultivated their Kleinstaaterei and didn't succeed in forming a homogenous empire before 1871 when the German Empire was founded.
A further major change resulted from a reorganisation of the empire in 1867 into a dual monarchy, with the Kingdom of Hungary gaining a considerable amount of political autonomy as one of the two halves. The other half remained a patchwork of states, broadly coterminous with the modern-day Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and parts of Poland, Ukraine, Italy, and Croatia. These non-Hungarian lands, formally known as "the Kingdoms and States Represented in the Imperial Council" were sometimes known as Austria, for want of a better name. An alternative label in this context is Cisleithania.
[edit] Modern times
[edit] 19th-century nationalism
For more details on this topic, see Pan-Germanism.
The Austrian lands had also been members of the Habsburg-dominated German Confederation since 1815. This split political personality also reflected a cultural uncertainty as to whether the German-speaking peoples under Austrian rule were Austrian, or German, or both. The developing sense of a German nationality had been accelerated massively as a consequence of the political turmoil and wars that engulfed Central Europe following the French Revolution and the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. Although the years of peace after Napoleon's fall quickly saw German nationalism largely pushed out of the public political arena, the Revolutions of 1848 established it as a significant political issue for a period of over twenty years. Political debate centred on the nature of a possible future German state to replace the Confederation, and part of that debate concerned the issue of whether or not the Austrian lands had a place in the Germany polity.
Habsburg influence over the German Confederation was rivalled by the increasingly powerful Prussian state. Political manoeuvering by the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck resulted in military defeat of the Austrians in 1866 and the collapse of the Confederation, both effectively ending any future Austrian influence on German political events. The so-called Franco-Prussian War and the establishment of a German Empire, headed by Prussia and pointedly excluding any of the Austrian lands, diminished the influence of pan-Germanism in the Habsburg territories, and worked to reinforce the sense of a distinctively Austrian identity as the state turned away from Germany and turned its gaze towards the Balkan Peninsula.
[edit] The 20th century
The last year of World War I saw the collapse of Habsburg authority throughout an increasingly greater part of its empire, and the military surrender in November 1918 finally brought with it the abdication of the last emperor. The creation of the Czecho-Slovak and South Slav states, full independence for a rump Hungary, and the post-war treaties imposed by the victorious Allies combined to see the newly-established Austrian republic both with the boundaries it has today, and a largely homogeneous German-speaking population. However, German-speaking communities were also left scattered throughout the other new states, as well as in the southern part of Tyrol which now found itself part of Italy.
Initially the republic took the name German Austria, initially reflecting the republic being the German-speaking part of the old Austria and showing the popular desire to unite with the new German republic. This hope was to be dashed by the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, and the new state changed its name to Republic of Austria on 21 October 1919.
Desire for unity with Germany was motivated both by a sense of common national identity, and also by a fear that the new state, stripped of its one-time imperial possessions, and surrounded by potentially hostile nation-states, would not be economically viable.
By 1938, with Nazi governments in control of both Berlin and Vienna, the country was annexed to Germany (Anschluss) as Ostmark. In 1942 the name was changed to the Danubian and Alpine Districts, thus eradicating any links with an Austrian national past.
[edit] Post World War II
The end of World War II in 1945 saw the re-establishment of an independent Austria, although the Allied Powers remained in occupation until 1955.
Austrians, wishing to distance themselves from the Third Reich, decided to develop a self-image unambiguously separate from its neighbour, basing itself on cultural achievements of the past and, though not without controversy, the centuries of Habsburgs rule.
Unlike in the early 19th century, in 1987 only 6 percent of the Austrians identified themselves as "Germans". Indeed, being (mis)identified as one can cause resentment. In 1993 80 percent of the Austrians called Austria an independent nation and 12 percent said, it is growing to one.[8] [9] The logic of the existence of an independent Austrian state is no longer questioned as it was in the early years of its existence.
Austria's history and geographical location has resulted in recent[weasel words] immigration from Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, and Poland. As with neighbouring Germany, there has also been immigration from Turkey and former Yugoslav states such as Croatia and Serbia.
[edit] Culture
Main article: Austrian culture
Culture on the territory of what is today Austria can be traced back to around 1050 B.C. with the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. However, a culture of Austria as we know it today began to take shape when the Austrian lands were part of the Holy Roman Empire, with the Privilegium Minus of 1156, which elevated Austria to the status of a Duchy, marking an important step in its development. Austrian culture has largely been influenced by its neighbours, Italy, Germany, Hungary and Bohemia.
[edit] Language
Main article: Austrian German
Further information: German language
Austrian German is a variety of the German language spoken in Austria. There is no unitary Austrian language, but a variety of High German dialects are spoken. Besides the Germanic languages discussed here, minority languages such as Slovenian, Croatian, and Hungarian are spoken in parts of the country.
Ordinarily, the latter dialects are considered to belong either to the Central Austro-Bavarian or Southern Austro-Bavarian subgroups, with the latter encompassing the languages of the Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria and the former including the dialects of Vienna, Upper Austria, and Lower Austria. The dialect spoken in Vorarlberg is more closely related to Swiss German than it is to other Austrian dialects, so Austrians from outside Vorarlberg can have difficulties understanding it.
While strong forms of the various dialects are not normally comprehensible to most German speakers, there is virtually no communication barrier along the border between Austria and Germany, since people on both sides of the border speak very similarly. The Central Austro-Bavarian dialects are more intelligible to speakers of Standard German than the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialects of Tirol. Viennese, the Austro-Bavarian dialect of Vienna, is most frequently used in Germany for impersonations of the typical inhabitant of Austria.
[edit] Cuisine
Main article: Austrian Cuisine
Austrian cuisine, which is often incorrectly equated with Viennese cuisine, is derived from the cuisine of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In addition to native regional traditions it has been influenced above all by Hungarian, Czech, Jewish, and Italian cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. Goulash is one example of this. Austrian cuisine is known primarily in the rest of the world for its pastries and sweets. In recent times a new regional cuisine has also developed which is centred on regional produce and employs modern and easy methods of preparation.[citation needed]

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1. Austrian wines are mostly dry white wines with some luscious dessert wines made around the Neusiedler See. About 30% of the wines are red, made from Blaufränkisch, Pinot Noir and locally bred ...

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1. Austrian wines are mostly dry white wines with some luscious dessert wines made around the Neusiedler See. About 30% of the wines are red, made from Blaufränkisch, Pinot Noir and locally bred varieties such as Zweigelt.4000 years of winemaking history counted for little after the 'antifreeze scandal' of 1985, when it was revealed that some wine brokers had been adulterating their wines with diethylene glycol. The scandal destroyed the market for Austrian wine, but in the long term has been a force for good, compelling Austria to tackle low standards of bulk wine production, and reposition herself as a producer of quality wines that stand comparison with the best in the world. The country is also home to Riedel, makers of some of the most expensive wine glasses in the world.
2. Austrians are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian descent. Due to their common history and belonging to the Holy Roman Empire until 1806, German-speaking Austrians were historically regarded as Germans, but after the founding of a German national state, the German Empire in 1871, and after the events of World War II and Nazism, this has fallen out of fashion and is often considered offensive.
Austrians have also been defined by their national citizenship, which had, in the course of Austrian history, varying relations to the above, for example referring to a native German-speaker of the one-time Habsburg empire, or in a wider sense to any citizen of any of the various lands of that empire that did not form the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary. In the latter sense, the definition included many ethnic minorities and speakers of up to twelve different languages.
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