什么是倒装结构?

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什么是倒装结构?

什么是倒装结构?
什么是倒装结构?

什么是倒装结构?
倒装句在中学英语教材中反复出现?本文就中学生应掌握的有关倒装句的知识作了比较系统的归纳?
希望同学们能系统地掌握这方面的知识.
一般来说,倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装.有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的,有的倒装则是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的.

英语句子通常有两种语序:一种是陈述语序,一种是倒装语序。将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前的语 序叫做倒装语序。而倒装可分为二种:将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装(full invention);而只将be 、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装(partial invention)。现笔者对中学英语教学中有关的 一些倒装句子进行探讨,并对其中相关的一些句子加以比较。
一...

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英语句子通常有两种语序:一种是陈述语序,一种是倒装语序。将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前的语 序叫做倒装语序。而倒装可分为二种:将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装(full invention);而只将be 、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装(partial invention)。现笔者对中学英语教学中有关的 一些倒装句子进行探讨,并对其中相关的一些句子加以比较。
一、完全倒装
(1)在以here、there、now、then等副词开头的句子里。
1.Here hung a picture of enormous size,painted by Tintoretto,(Shaw)
2.There goes the bell.
3.Now comes your turn.
4.Then followed three days of heavy rain.
(2)在There be (exist、happen、live、appeur、lie、occur、rise、seem、come、remain等)句型中。
1.There are at least thousands of people in the square.
2.There stands a tall tree in front of our school gate.
(3)在象声词或以out、in、up、down、away等副词开头的句子里。
1.Click.clic kwent the weaving room.
2.Crackle.crackle,crackle came the gun and the young soldierfelt very frightened.
3.Following the roor,out rushed a big tiger from among thebushes.
4.Higher and higher flew the plane,and at last it disappeared inthe clouds.
(4)当表示地点的介词词组在句首时。
1.At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
2.The soldiers ran to the building, on the top of whick flew aflag.
3.East of the lake lie two towns.
4.Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.
在上述四种句子中,如果主语为人称代词,则不需要倒装。
1.In he came and back he went again.
二、部分倒装
(1)Only在句首,修饰副词,介词词组成状语从句时。
1.only then did he find it important to get along with others.
2.Only in this way can we make great progress.
3.Only after he came back were you able to see him.
以关联连词not only...but also开首的句子或者分句也是如此。
Not only did they break into his office and steal his books,butthey also tore up his manuscr ipts.
于句首的only,(包括连词not only...but also)只修饰(或连接)主语部分,则不引起倒装。
Only a sound body can house a sound mind.
不过请注意下面句子:
Only five of them did I see in the office.
(2)当句首状语为否定词或带有否定含义的词语时,常见的这类词或词语有not,never,hardly,seldom,rar dly,scarcely 以及not until,no sooner,...then,hardly...when,...no...等。
1.Seldom had I seen such a beautiful picture.
2.Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang.
3.Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I hadwasted.(MET90)
4.At no time have I said such a thing.
5.Not a finger did I lay on him.
6.To few people does such an opportunity occur.
但当否定词否定主语,否定词组不含否定含义,或者句首状语的否定意义已为随后的另一名词所抵消,此 时则不需要倒装。
1.Not a leaf had fallen from the trees though autumn was welladvanced.
2.In no time the locusts came clown and started eating everything.
3.Not infrequently they go abroad.
(3)在省去if的虚拟条件从句中。
1.Should I be free this afternoon. I will come and help you withyour lesson.
2.Were I in your place.I would not be fit for your job.
3.Had it not been for the captain,the ship would have sunk withall on board.
我们可以说Were it not...或者Had it not been...,但不可以说Weren’tis... 或者hadn’t it been.. .因此下列句子应视为病句。
Weren’t it for his wife’s money,he’d never be a director.
(4)在So ...that,to such...that 或者in such ...that的句型中。
1.So beaulifully did they dance that the tall white lilliespeeped in at the window .(Oscar W ilde)
2.To such lengths did she go in rehearsal that two actors walkedout.
3.in such a hurry did the man rush out that he almost knocked medown.
(5)当So位于句首,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)时。
I trusted him completely.So would anyone who know him.
在So it is (was)withr 的句型或者当So表示“的确如此,确实是这样”,以示同意和肯定某种说法,或 者加以强调时,常常不引起倒装。
1.Jack studies Greman,but he doesn’t study French.So it is withjim.
2.“It’s going to be a cold winter.”
“Yes,So the newspaper says.”
3.Li Ping studies hard So he does.
因此我们常常可看到下列这类句子。
You say Tom went to the ball yesterday,So he did,and so did I.
(6)当neither or位于句首,表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物时;或者表示否定的意义在延伸的时 候。
1.“I didn’t mean what I said,you know.”
“Neither(Nor)did I”.
2.I don’t know.Neither(Nor) do I care.
注意Neither nor的特殊用法。
1.Just as I haven’t good eyes,so neither has my son,neither havemy children.(当just as...,s o...用于否定句时,只用neither.)
2.If he doesn’t go,neither will I. (在if条件句后用来引起一个主句时,只能用 Neither.)
3.You can’t do it,nor can I,nor can anybody else.(连续多次否定,常用nor)。
(7)当方式状语、频度状语等提至句首时,有时也可引起部分倒装。
1.Well do I remember the day that I saw a ternble accident onthat road.
2.Mary a time bas he given me good advice.
(8)有时为了平衡句子的需要,以避免头重脚轻之感。
1.Gone forever are the dark days of the old society.
2.Such are the rewards that always crown virtue,(Shakespeare)
在以上各类句型中,如果谓语动词只有系动词be,则这类句子应属于全倒装。
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it .

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英语倒装句的几种情况
1. “某些副词+不及物动词+主语”的句式,需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有:here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等,表示强调。主语是代词时,不必倒装。
Out rushed the boy .
Down came the brown wave .
2. 表示...

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英语倒装句的几种情况
1. “某些副词+不及物动词+主语”的句式,需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有:here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等,表示强调。主语是代词时,不必倒装。
Out rushed the boy .
Down came the brown wave .
2. 表示方位的短语放在句首,后面一般使用倒装语序。
West of the lake lies the famous city .
3. There be + 主语+地点。其中动词be也可以是其他词,如lie,stand等。
There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table .
There in Greece lived a famous thinker , named Aristotle .
4. 如果直接引语后注明是什么人说的,而且主语是名词时,需要完全倒装;主语是代词时,一般不用倒装。
“Let’s go ! ”said the captain .
“Take off your boots !” ordered the guard .
5. 为了保持句子平衡,或为了强调表语或状语,或使上下文紧密衔接时。
They arrived at an old church , in front of which stood a big crowd of people .
6. 用于so开头的句子,表示重复前面相同的内容,意为“也怎么样”。另外,在结果状语从句句型so …that …中,如果强调so…放在句首,主句需要部分倒装。
I often go out for a walk after supper . So does she .
我经常在晚饭后出去散步,她也这样。
So excited was she at the news that she couldn’t say a word .
听到这个消息,她是如此激动,以致于一句话也说不出来。
7. 用于nor , neither 开头的句子,表示重复前面相同的内容,“也不怎么样”。
Li Lei can’t answer the question . Neither can I .
If you don’t wait for him , nor shall I .
8. only放在句首,强调状语(副词,介词短语或状语从句等),全句语序要部分倒装。
Only in this way can we get in touch with them .
Only because he was ill was he absent from school .
注意:only放在句首,强调主语时,语序不必倒装。
Only Mr Wang knows about it .
9. 带有否定意义的词放在句首,语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than ……等。
Little did I think he is a spy .
我一点也没想到他是一个间谍。
Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain .
No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang .
10. 在虚拟语气中,倒装代替条件。
Should he be here next week , he would help us with the problem .
Were there no light , we could see nothing .
11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。
May you succeed ! 祝你成功! Long live France ! 法兰西万岁!

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倒装是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
1. 完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。
例如:In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
2) there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常...

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倒装是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
1. 完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。
例如:In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
2) there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成"有"的含义,构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.
4)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.
注意:
1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)
Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)
2) 当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中国典型的是相声表演,两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众)
2. 部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:
例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)
In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only。
Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.
4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。
注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
注意:
a) 如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。
例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)
4) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句:
例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或多深。)
5) 由as引导的部分倒装句:
a) 当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!)
b) 当 as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格)
c) 表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。)
d) 等于so时,意义是“也,也是”
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)
3. 其它情况的倒装句
1) so, neither, nor除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.
b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分:
例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.
c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调,例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)
d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为:
完全倒装时:表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。)
和其它否定副词连用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒装句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither could they retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)
注意:若把这句话改成:"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)"就不必倒装。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
1) 用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)
2) 部分倒装,有承上启下作用,表示同意和赞同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她,但你本可以找人帮她的。)
2) 在进行比较的句子里,如果主语不是代词时,可以倒装:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。)
3)在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.
4)在文学作品中常出现倒装,有些是由于语法习惯,有些是为了简单的修辞,如Not even one cloud will I bring away(不带走一片云彩).

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一 全部倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:
1) There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。
2) Then cam...

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一 全部倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:
1) There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。
2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了
3) Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:
1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
2) Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:
1) Here he comes. 他来了。
2) Away they went. 他们走了。
二 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如:
1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。
3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
注意:当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:
1) I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首,语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如:
1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。
3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。例如:
Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜欢音乐。
3. 表示"也"、"也不" 的so, neither, nor放在句首时,句子作部分倒装。例如:
1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能说法语,我也能。
2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去,我也不去。
注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如:
1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球,我去了。
2) ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的确很大。

4. only放在句首,强调状语(副词,介词短语或状语从句等),全句语序要部分倒装。例如:

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被请了三次才来开会。
注意:如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。
三 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。此时应注意:1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词;2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如:
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 尽管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
四 其他部分倒装
1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。
2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如:
May you all be happy. 望大家开心愉快。
3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如:
Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你,我就再试一次。

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